济南铁艺大门以其古朴质感与耐用性，成为建筑入口的标志性装饰，其制作需兼顾结构稳固、造型美观与地域适应性，从材料甄选到工艺处理都有细致考量。

　　Jinan wrought iron gates, with their antique texture and durability, have become iconic decorations at building entrances. Their production requires careful consideration of structural stability, aesthetic appearance, and regional adaptability, from material selection to craftsmanship.

　　材料选择需适配济南气候特点。主体框架宜选用 Q235B 碳素结构钢，其抗拉强度达 375-500MPa，厚度根据门体尺寸确定（单扇宽 1.5 米以内用 50×50mm 方钢，超过则用 60×60mm），确保抗风载能力。装饰花件可选用低碳钢丝（直径 3-8mm），柔韧性好便于锻造造型，同时需进行镀锌处理（锌层厚度≥85μm），抵御济南夏季多雨带来的锈蚀。衔接部件如合页、插销，选用不锈钢材质（304 型号），避免与碳钢接触产生电化学腐蚀，延长使用寿命。

　　The material selection needs to be adapted to the climate characteristics of Jinan. The main frame should be made of Q235B carbon structural steel with a tensile strength of 375-500MPa, and the thickness should be determined according to the size of the door (50 × 50mm square steel should be used for single leaf widths within 1.5 meters, and 60 × 60mm should be used for widths exceeding 1.5 meters) to ensure wind load resistance. Decorative flower pieces can be made of low-carbon steel wire (diameter 3-8mm), which has good flexibility and is easy to forge. At the same time, it needs to be galvanized (zinc layer thickness ≥ 85 μ m) to resist corrosion caused by rainy summers in Jinan. Connecting components such as hinges and pins should be made of stainless steel (304 model) to avoid electrochemical corrosion caused by contact with carbon steel and extend their service life.

　　结构设计需平衡美学与实用性。框架采用榫卯拼接与焊接结合工艺，主框架焊点需满焊处理，焊口高度不低于钢材厚度的 2/3，焊后用角磨机打磨平整，确保承重均匀。门体高度通常控制在 2.2-2.8 米，宽度根据入口尺寸定（双扇门总宽 3-4 米为宜），底部预留 10-15mm 间隙防地面沉降卡滞。装饰部分可融入地域元素，如借鉴趵突泉石雕纹样锻造曲线花型，或用直线条勾勒山形轮廓，花件密度需适中（每平方米不超过 8 个复杂造型），避免过度繁复影响结构强度。

　　Structural design needs to balance aesthetics and practicality. The frame adopts the process of mortise and tenon splicing and welding, and the main frame welding points need to be fully welded. The height of the welding joint should not be less than 2/3 of the steel thickness. After welding, it should be polished flat with an angle grinder to ensure even load-bearing. The height of the door body is usually controlled at 2.2-2.8 meters, and the width is determined according to the entrance size (the total width of double doors is recommended to be 3-4 meters). A gap of 10-15mm is reserved at the bottom to prevent ground settlement and jamming. The decorative part can incorporate regional elements, such as drawing inspiration from the stone carving patterns of Baotu Spring to forge curved flower patterns, or using straight lines to outline mountain shapes. The density of flower pieces should be moderate (no more than 8 complex shapes per square meter) to avoid excessive complexity affecting the structural strength.

　　锻造工艺决定造型精度。弯花工序使用液压弯管机，根据设计图纸精准定位弯曲角度（误差≤1°），复杂花型需先制作 1:1 样板，确保对称部位尺寸一致。锻造花纹时，采用局部加热（温度 800-900℃）配合手工捶打，使钢材形成自然肌理，冷却后用砂纸（从 80 目到 400 目）逐级打磨，去除氧化皮并呈现金属光泽。拼接时先点焊固定花件位置，核对造型无误后再满焊，焊口需做防氧化处理（涂刷磷化底漆），防止后期锈蚀扩散。

　　The forging process determines the precision of the shape. The bending process uses a hydraulic pipe bending machine to accurately position the bending angle (error ≤ 1 °) according to the design drawings. For complex patterns, a 1:1 template needs to be made first to ensure consistent dimensions of symmetrical parts. When forging patterns, local heating (temperature 800-900 ℃) is used in combination with manual hammering to form a natural texture in the steel. After cooling, sandpaper (from 80 mesh to 400 mesh) is used to polish step by step to remove oxide skin and present a metallic luster. When splicing, first spot weld the fixed position of the flower piece, check the shape for accuracy, and then fully weld. The weld joint needs to be treated with anti-oxidation (coated with phosphating primer) to prevent corrosion and diffusion in the later stage.

　　表面处理强化耐候性。除锈采用喷砂工艺（砂粒直径 0.5-1mm），去除钢材表面氧化层，露出金属本色，粗糙度控制在 40-80μm 以增强涂层附着力。底漆选用环氧富锌漆，干膜厚度≥60μm，形成电化学保护；中间漆用环氧云铁漆，厚度≥40μm，提升屏蔽性能；面漆可定制哑光或半哑光效果（如深灰、墨绿），采用丙烯酸聚氨酯漆，耐候性达 8000 小时以上，抵御济南强紫外线与酸雨侵蚀。最后在易积水部位（如下横框底部）钻孔排水，孔径 5mm 且间距 300mm，避免积水锈蚀。

　　Surface treatment enhances weather resistance. The rust removal process adopts sandblasting technology (sand particle diameter 0.5-1mm) to remove the oxide layer on the surface of the steel, exposing the natural color of the metal. The roughness is controlled at 40-80 μ m to enhance the adhesion of the coating. The primer is selected as epoxy zinc rich paint, with a dry film thickness of ≥ 60 μ m, forming electrochemical protection; The intermediate paint uses epoxy mica iron paint with a thickness of ≥ 40 μ m to enhance shielding performance; The topcoat can be customized with matte or semi matte effects (such as dark gray, dark green), using acrylic polyurethane paint, with a weather resistance of over 8000 hours, resisting strong ultraviolet rays and acid rain erosion in Jinan. Finally, drill drainage holes with a diameter of 5mm and a spacing of 300mm in areas prone to water accumulation (as shown at the bottom of the horizontal frame below) to prevent water accumulation and corrosion.

　　安装调试注重细节适配。门框与墙体连接用膨胀螺栓（M12×100mm），每边固定点不少于 4 个，嵌入墙体深度≥60mm，安装后用水平仪校准，垂直度误差≤3mm / 米。合页安装需确保上下同心，轴芯与门体间隙 0.2-0.5mm，开关测试时门体应能在任意角度停留，无卡顿或自动沉降。锁具选用防盗级别 B 级以上的机械锁，锁体与门框连接部位加装 10mm 厚钢板加固，防止暴力开启，同时预留门禁系统安装位置，兼顾传统与智能使用需求。

　　Installation and debugging pay attention to detail adaptation. Expansion bolts (M12 × 100mm) are used to connect the door frame to the wall, with no less than 4 fixing points on each side. The depth of embedding into the wall should be ≥ 60mm. After installation, a level should be used for calibration, and the verticality error should be ≤ 3mm/meter. The installation of hinges should ensure that the top and bottom are concentric, with a gap of 0.2-0.5mm between the shaft core and the door body. During the switch test, the door body should be able to stay at any angle without jamming or automatic settlement. The lock adopts a mechanical lock with anti-theft level B or above, and a 10mm thick steel plate reinforcement is installed at the connection between the lock body and the door frame to prevent violent opening. At the same time, a space for installing the access control system is reserved to meet the needs of traditional and intelligent use.

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